Amputation and rehabilitation

Most lower limb amputations in the UK are performed in order to treat peripheral arterial disease and its complications, or are due to diabetes. Amputations are usually classified as minor, which includes toe and partial foot amputations, or major, when most of the limb is removed. Principles of selecting amputation level are considered and importance of optimization of the patient's general medical status is stressed. Most patients requiring amputations have significant comorbidities and amputation carries an appreciable anaesthetic risk. Minor amputations include toe and ray amputations, transmetatarsal and mid-food amputations. Ankle-level amputations, such as Syme's amputation, are rarely indicated and it is difficult to fit prostheses to these stumps. Below-knee and above-knee amputations are the most commonly performed major amputations. Below-knee amputations may be carried out using either a long posterior flap or skewed flaps. Skewed flaps may be preferred when the posterior skin is of poor quality, and produce a cylindrical stump well suited for limb fitting. Through-knee and hip disarticulations are also described. Successful amputation surgery, with good outcomes for the patient, requires an attention to detail and careful coordination with physiotherapy and rehabilitation departments. The aim is to produce a well-healed, pain-free stump suitable for limb fitting.