Electrosurgery and energized dissection

This article outlines the biophysics of electrosurgery and tissue energy sources, including the basic concepts of both modalities. It explores the biophysics of electrodiathermy, including current density, waveforms and electrosurgical circuits. The principles of monopolar and bipolar diathermy are described with reference to the safety issues pertinent to implantable cardiac devices and other implants. Safe application of electrodiathermy in endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery are discussed, exploring potential risks such as direct and capacitance coupling. The principles behind tissue energizers, specifically advanced bipolar energy sources and ultrasonic devices, are also covered.