Bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is the fourth cause of male deaths from cancer and because of smoking, an increasing cause of death in females. Because of its duration it is the most expensive cancer and the first in which attempts to formulate a prospective simultaneous clinical and economic trial model. Whilst local therapy and surveillance are the mainstay of management of early disease, surgery and radiotherapy are effective in advanced disease, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy have proven to be modestly useful and the new targeted therapies show promise. There remains a great need for effective urine and blood markers.