General paediatric urology

Paediatric urological conditions range from those that are infrequent but severe and require referral to a specialist to those that may present to primary care physicians or adult urologists/general surgeons. These latter conditions can be grouped under the term ‘general paediatric urology’ or ‘office paediatric urology’ and will be discussed here. The management of paediatric urinary tract infection is beyond the scope of this chapter and readers are referred to recent guidelines issued by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.