Lower Retinol Levels as an Independent Predictor of Mortality in Long-term Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

This is the first study showing a lower retinol level as an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality in HD patients. It has to be elucidated whether the beneficial effects of higher serum retinol levels should be attributed to only better nutritional support or also to retinol's role in immune response and differentiation.