Intradermal Versus Intramuscular Hepatitis B Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial in Nonresponders to Primary Vaccination

Significantly greater seroconversion rates and peak antibody titers can be achieved with ID compared with IM vaccination in hemodialysis patients nonresponsive to primary vaccination. ID vaccination should become the standard of care in this setting.