Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease With a Membranous Pattern and a Circulating Monoclonal Immunoglobulin G With Charge-Dependent Aggregation Properties

A 62-year-old woman presented with nephrotic syndrome, monoclonal gammopathy, and membranous-like nephropathy with nonorganized deposits composed of monoisotypic immunoglobulin G1 λ protein. Nephrotic syndrome remitted after a brief course of treatment with melphalan despite ongoing production of the monoclonal protein. The circulating monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 λ showed unusual in vitro aggregation properties, including dependence on low ionic strength and neutral pH, suggesting that electrostatic interactions had a role in the precipitation process. This case illustrates the importance of looking for monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits when kidney biopsy findings are suggestive of membranous nephropathy. In addition, our in vitro demonstrations of the role of physicochemical factors in immunoglobulin precipitation help elucidate the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin deposition disorders. Although binding to podocyte antigens is a well-recognized determinant of subepithelial immunoglobulin deposition, proneness to aggregation as described in this case also might be nephritogenic.