Enhancing Detection of Bladder Carcinoma In Situ by 3-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography

On quantitative analysis of increased urothelial heterogeneity induced by carcinogenesis we noted that 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography enabled accurate differentiation of carcinoma in situ from normal bladder and benign lesions. Results reveal the potential of cystoscopic 3-dimensional optical coherence tomography to significantly enhance the clinical diagnosis of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, particularly carcinoma in situ.