Current Applications of Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging in Robotic Urologic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Critical Analysis of the Literature

Herein, we provide a systematic review and critical analysis of the current evidence on the applications of near-infrared fluorescence in robotic urologic surgery. Article selection proceeded according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses criteria. Overall, 14 studies were identified and included. Indocyanine green fluorescence imaging system has been tested for several applications, robotic partial nephrectomy representing the most studied one. Available evidence suggests this technology can be of aid in visually defining the surgical anatomy, thus ultimately facilitating the task of the console surgeon. Whether the added cost is justified by better outcomes remains to be determined.