Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Carbonic Anhydrase 9, and Angiogenin as Urinary Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer Detection

VEGF could be a valuable addition to voided urine sample analysis for the detection of BCa. Larger, prospective studies are needed to determine the clinical utility of urinary VEGF and angiogenin as biomarkers in the noninvasive evaluation of patients with BCa.