Lipid Peroxidation Product 4-Hydroxynonenal Contributes to Bladder Smooth Muscle Damage

4-Hydroxynonenal affects pig bladder contractility. L-type calcium channels and or the contractile system of the bladder muscle are susceptible to HNE-mediated damage. The cholinergic nerves and the muscarinic receptor signaling system remain largely unaffected. The effects of HNE are most likely mediated via alkylation of sulfhydryl groups.