Effects of metformin on mammalian target of rapamycin in a mouse model of endometrial hyperplasia

ObjectiveThe effects of metformin on S6K1, which is a crucial effector of mTOR signaling, and on endometrium were studied in a mouse model of endometrial hyperplasia induced by unopposed estradiol or tamoxifen.Study designForty-eight oophorectomized Balb/c mice were randomly assigned to receive saline, tamoxifen citrate (4 mg/kg), 17-beta estradiol hemihydrate (4 mg/kg), metformin (50 mg/kg), tamoxifen citrate (4 mg/kg) with metformin (50 mg/kg), or estradiol (4 mg/kg) with metformin (50 mg/kg) for 3 days. Histological markers of uterotrophy, including luminal epithelial cell height and density of endometrial glands were quantified for each slide. Immunohistochemical expression of PCNA and S6K1 was evaluated. H-score was used for S6K1 expression. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for comparison of two continous variables and one-way ANOVA for comparison of multiple variables.ResultsMice treated either with tamoxifen or estradiol had significantly increased density of endometrial glands and epithelial heights compared to vehicle-only or metformin-only group (p < 0.001). Addition of metformin to tamoxifen or estradiol treated mice significantly decreased the density of endometrial glands and epithelial cell heights (p < 0.05). Addition of metformin to tamoxifen significantly decreased the H-score of S6K1 (p < 0.05) and the immunohistochemical expression of PCNA (p < 0.05) in uterine lining epithelium, glandular and stromal cells. Addition of metformin to estradiol significantly decreased the H-score of S6K1 (p < 0.05) and the immunohistochemical expression of PCNA (p < 0.05) in uterine lining epithelium, glandular and stromal cells.ConclusionMetformin seems to have possible antiproliferative effects on the endometrium of estradiol or tamoxifen treated mice via inhibiting the mTOR mediated S6K1 activation.