The role of leptin in fetal growth: A short review from conception to delivery

Abnormally high- or low-serum maternal levels and/or levels in placental, umbilical blood, and fetus/neonate are associated with a wide spectrum of complicated pregnancies. Whereas the state of knowledge about mechanisms and pathways involving secondary or tertiary modulators is far from complete, the role of leptin from ovulation and implantation and throughout pregnancy underscores its importance in normal and abnormal states.