ICUD-EAU International Consultation on Kidney Cancer 2010: Treatment of Metastatic Disease

ContextUntil the development of novel targeted agents directed against angiogenesis and tumour growth, few treatment options have been available for the treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC).ObjectiveThis review discusses current targeted therapies for mRCC and provides consensus statements regarding treatment algorithms.Evidence acquisitionMedical literature was retrieved from PubMed up to April 2011. Additional relevant articles and abstract reviews were included from the bibliographies of the retrieved literature.Evidence synthesisTargeted treatment for mRCC can be categorized for the following patient groups: previously untreated patients, those refractory to immunotherapy, and those refractory to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–targeted therapy. Sunitinib and bevacizumab combined with interferon alpha are generally considered first-line treatment options in patients with favourable or intermediate prognoses. Temsirolimus is considered a first-line treatment option for poor-risk patients. Either sorafenib or sunitinib may be valid second-line treatments for patients who have failed prior cytokine-based therapies. For patients refractory to treatment with VEGF-targeted therapy, everolimus is now recommended. Pazopanib is a new treatment option in the first- and second-line setting (after cytokine failure). Sequential and combination approaches, and the roles of nephrectomy and tumour metastasectomy will also be discussed.ConclusionsIncreasing clinical evidence is clarifying appropriate first- and second-line treatments with targeted agents for patients with mRCC. Based on phase 2 and 3 trials, a sequential approach is most promising, while combination therapy is still investigational. The role of nephrectomy in mRCC is being evaluated in ongoing phase 3 clinical trials.