Polyamine-modulated Factor-1 Methylation Predicts Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Response in Patients with High-grade Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma

BackgroundBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a standard treatment to reduce tumor recurrence and delay progression of high-risk non–muscle-invasive (NMI) bladder tumors. However, it is not clear yet which patients are more likely to respond to BCG.ObjectiveThe aim was to evaluate the role of polyamine-modulated factor-1 (PMF-1) methylation in predicting clinical outcome of T1 high-grade (T1HG) bladder tumors treated with BCG.Design, setting, and participantsIn a retrospective design, PMF-1 methylation was analyzed on tumor specimens belonging to 108 patients with T1HG NMI bladder cancer undergoing BCG treatment. Median follow-up was 77 mo (range: 5–235 mo).Outcome measurements and statistical analysisPMF-1 methylation was assessed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reactions. Recurrence, progression into muscle-invasive tumors, and disease-specific survival rates were analyzed using competing risks regression analysis.Results and limitationsAmong the 108 patients analyzed, 35 had recurring disease (32.4%), 21 progressed (19.4%), and 16 died of disease (14.8%); 71.3% of tumors had PMF-1 methylation. Univariate analyses using cumulative incidence curves revealed that an unmethylated PMF-1 was significantly associated with increased recurrence (p = 0.026), progression (p = 0.01), and shorter disease-specific survival (log-rank, p = 0.03). Multivariate analyses indicated that among sex, age, focality, tumor size, and concomitant carcinoma in situ, only PMF-1 methylation provided significant hazard ratios (HRs) for recurrence of (HR: 2.032; p = 0.042), and progression (HR: 2.910; p = 0.020). Limitations of the study include its retrospective design, lymphovascular invasion status not available, short maintenance BCG, and that a second transurethral resection was not performed.ConclusionsEpigenetic analyses revealed that the methylation status of PMF-1 was associated with the clinical outcome of patients with T1HG tumors undergoing BCG treatment. An unmethylated PMF-1 correlated to recurrence and progression in T1HG disease using univariate and multivariate analyses. Thus, assessing the methylation status of PMF-1 may serve to distinguish patients responding to BCG from those who may require more aggressive therapeutic approaches.