Diagnostic and Prognostic Factors in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer and Their Influence on Treatment and Outcomes

Urinary cytology and TURB (preferably under the guidance of fluorescence cystoscopy if carcinoma in situ is suspected) are the mainstays of bladder cancer diagnosis and staging. The likelihood of recurrence or progression can be assessed using a tool developed by the EORTC that is based on common prognostic factors. Patients with disease progression can be offered cystectomy.