Nonapoptotic effects of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand on interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 vary between undifferentiated and decidualized human endometrial stromal ce

Tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), which is known to exert death-inducing as well as nonapoptotic functions, has been shown to be expressed by the early trophoblast. Here we report that TRAIL has no apoptotic effects on human endometrial stromal cells, but differentially regulates cytokines and chemokines and might therefore play a role in the modulation of the cytokine milieu at the implantation site.