Immunotherapy for advanced or relapsed cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Conventional approaches by surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy cannot provide satisfied therapeutic outcomes for advanced or relapsed cervical cancer. Thus, immunotherapy or biotherapy for these patients has been the mode of treatment. A number of studies on immunotherapy for cervical cancer in animals has been published. This time, we summarized our experiences and concepts with regard to the therapeutic approach for advanced cervical cancer in humans.