Thyroid disorders and other endocrinological disorders in pregnancy

Endocrine disorders are commonly encountered in pregnancy. To optimize pregnancy outcome, it is essential to understand the physiology underlying these conditions. Clinicians should be aware of which investigations are required for diagnosis and monitoring during pregnancy as well as current guidance on which treatments are safe to use. The most common endocrine disorder encountered in pregnancy is diabetes, followed by hypo and hyperthyroidism. Rarer endocrine disorders including pituitary dysfunction, adrenal and parathyroid disease are as important to be aware of due to the potential for significant maternal and fetal morbidity or mortality if not diagnosed or managed appropriately. Over recent years awareness of the potential adverse effects of vitamin D deficiency has driven the guidance for vitamin D supplementation for pregnant and lactating women. This review focuses on the physiology and current management of thyroid dysfunction and the rarer endocrine disorders in pregnancy, and includes current guidance on vitamin D supplementation.