Urinary incontinence following gynaecological surgery

The proximity of the urinary tract to the reproductive organs puts it at risk of injury and incontinence as a consequence of gynaecological surgery. Incontinence to urine after gynaecological surgery is distressing to both the patient and the surgeon; in particular, formation of a urinary fistula after surgery is seen as a disaster by both. It also has long-term medicolegal implications. In this review. the main emphasis is on the prevention, evaluation, diagnosis and management of urinary tract injury. Other causes of postoperative incontinence are addressed briefly.