Interleukin 21, Interleukin 23, and Transforming Growth Factor β1 in HLA-A29-Associated Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy

BSRC patients with active disease naïve to systemic therapy have elevated serum levels of 3 key immune mediators known to promote T helper 17 (Th17) cells in autoimmune disease. Our results suggest that IL-21, IL-23, and TGF-β1 may play an important role in the development of site-specific Th17 cell-mediated inflammation in BSRC, which underscore the importance of systemic therapy and offer new insights into the potential of targeted treatments.