Chronic Coccidioidomycosis Endophthalmitis without Concomitant Systemic Involvement: A Clinicopathological Case Report

ObjectiveTo report the diagnostic, clinical, and histopathologic features of a patient with coccidioidomycosis endophthalmitis without concomitant systemic involvement diagnosed by vitreous biopsy.DesignInterventional case report.ParticipantsOne patient.InterventionDiagnostic pars plana vitrectomy, systemic and intravitreal antifungal treatment, and enucleation.Main Outcome MeasuresDiagnostic, clinical, and histopathologic features of chronic coccidioidomycosis endophthalmitis.ResultsA 64-year-old white man from Southern California presented with chronic intraocular inflammation in the right eye that had lasted 18 months. He had been unsuccessfully treated with topical and subtenon steroids. At presentation, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/400 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Ophthalmoscopy of the right eye revealed significant vitritis and multiple yellowish chorioretinal lesions. Evaluation by an internist showed no underlying inflammatory, infectious, or neoplastic systemic illnesses. A vitreous biopsy followed by histopathologic examination showed the presence of multiple Coccidioides sp. microorganisms. The patient was then treated with intravitreal amphotericin B and oral fluconazole. Best-corrected visual acuity initially improved to 20/80, but inflammation progressed and did not respond to 2 subsequent injections of antifungals, 2 additional pars plana vitrectomies, and oral fluconazole. The eye eventually became blind and painful and was enucleated. Histopathologic examination disclosed intraocular granulomas displaying multiple Coccidioides sp. microorganisms.ConclusionsCoccidioides sp. endophthalmitis may present with no concomitant systemic involvement. Histopathologic examination of the vitreous is helpful in the diagnosis. A high index of suspicion is important, especially in areas where the incidence of coccidioidomycosis is rising.Financial Disclosure(s)The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.