Preoperative phlebography in anterior L4-L5 disc approach. Clinical experience about 63 cases

SummaryIntroductionThe anterior approach of the L4-L5 disc requires a perfect knowledge of the venous anatomy. Some configurations make this approach hazardous. The purpose of this study is to classify configurations of the iliocava junction and the iliolumbar vein relative to L4-L5 and to analyze vascular complications.Materials and methodsThe preoperative phlebographies of 63 patients (30 men, 33 women, mean age 42 years) undergoing a L4-L5 disc replacement were reviewed. The height of the iliocava junction was calculated as a ratio of the distance between the discs L4-L5 and L5-S1. The position of the left iliac vein was classified into three thirds across the width of L5. The number of branches of the iliolumbar vein was noted. Surgical reports were reviewed for complications.ResultsThe height of the iliocava junction was very high in six, high in 25, low in 26 and very low in six patients. The position of the left iliac vein was medial in 20, intermediate in 28 and lateral in 15 patients. The iliolumbar vein had one branch in 37, two in 20, three in three patients. It was not visualized in three cases. Variants of the venous anatomy included eight duplications of the left iliac vein, four wide diameters and one iliolumbar vein network pattern. Intraoperatively, three lacerations of iliolumbar veins occurred.ConclusionThe iliocava anatomy is very variable: the safety of an anterior approach to the L4-L5 disc depends on it. The information of preoperative phlebography can help to plan a more accessible antero-lateral approach or to switch on a posterior fusion if the anatomical situation is deemed too dangerous, such as duplicated left iliac veins.Level of evidenceLevel IV. Diagnostic study.