Late-onset laryngomalacia: A cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

ObjectiveTo describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of late-onset laryngomalacia in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).DesignRetrospective study.SettingTertiary care children's hospital.PatientsSeventy-seven children were identified who had OSAS diagnosed by polysomnography and underwent airway endoscopy to evaluate for laryngomalacia between July 2006 and December 2008. Children with significant neurologic disease or craniofacial malformations were excluded. Seven children under 3 years of age had laryngomalacia and OSAS (Group A), 19 children 3–18 years of age had laryngomalacia and OSAS (Group B), and 51 children 3–18 years of age had OSAS but not laryngomalacia (Group C).Main outcome measuresComparison of pre-operative findings, intra-operative findings, interventions, and outcomes between the 3 groups.ResultsGroup A was consistent with previous reports of congenital laryngomalacia with respect to presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Groups B and C had similar pre-operative findings, including a high incidence of adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and the only significant difference was the intra-operative finding of laryngomalacia in Group B. Treatments were individualized to include supraglottoplasty, adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, adenotonsillectomy, or a combination of the above. Of the 52 patients who returned in follow-up, 44 noted improvement, but this was rarely confirmed by polysomnogram.ConclusionsLate-onset laryngomalacia may act alone or in concert with additional dynamic or fixed lesions to cause pediatric OSAS. Although there is no specific pre-operative indicator to diagnose late-onset laryngomalacia, it can be readily identified intra-operatively and effectively treated with supraglottoplasty, with or without concurrent adenotonsillectomy.