p16, p14, p53, cyclin D1, and steroid hormone receptor expression and human papillomaviruses analysis in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the endometrium

The results of this study suggest that alterations of the p16 pathway may play an etiologic role in at least a proportion of the ESCC, but without any association to HPV infection. Factors known to play a pathogenetic role in types 1 and 2 of endometrial carcinomas are not associated with primary ESCC. However, prognostically, ESCCs are more related to type 1 cancers.