Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with Epstein-Barr virus–positive Hodgkin-like cells

SummaryHodgkin-like cells have been described in a variety of non-Hodgkin lymphomas including chronic lymphocytic leukemia and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. There have been rare reports in the Japanese population of human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1–associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma harboring Hodgkin-like cells; however, no similar cases have been described in Western patients. We report a 53-year-old African American man who presented with progressive weakness and lethargy, and was found to have generalized lymphadenopathy and hypercalcemia. A lymph node biopsy showed involvement by adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with scattered Epstein-Barr virus–positive cells, some of which resembled Hodgkin cells that had a B-cell phenotype, consistent with an Epstein-Barr virus–lymphoproliferative disorder. The patient had stage 4 disease with bone marrow involvement. In light of the associated B-cell lymphoproliferative process, the patient was treated with 6 cycles of intensive chemotherapy that targeted both the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and the Epstein-Barr virus–lymphoproliferative disorder that resulted in a complete response. An awareness of the association of Epstein-Barr virus–lymphoproliferative disorder with Hodgkin-like cells in the context of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is necessary to avoid potential misdiagnosis and to aid in therapeutic decisions.