Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with or at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

ObjectiveTo evaluate how adolescents with or at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their parent/guardians (parents) perceive adolescents’ health-related quality of life.Study designWe interviewed overweight/obese, 12- to 18-year-old youth with T2DM, prediabetes, or insulin resistance and one parent from 5 US sites. Assessments included Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), Health Utilities Index, family conflict, and diabetes burden.ResultsIn 108 adolescents, diagnoses included 40.7% with T2DM, 25.0% with prediabetes, and 34.3% with insulin resistance. PedsQL summary score (SS) was higher in adolescents than parents (P = .02). Parents rated physical functioning lower than adolescents (P < .0001), but there were no differences in psychosocial health. Adolescent PedsQL SS did not differ with diagnosis, but was inversely associated with adolescent body mass index z-score (P = .0004) and family conflict (P < .0001) and associated with race/ethnicity (P < .0001). Number of adolescent co-morbidities (P = .007) and burden of diabetes care (P < .05) were inversely associated with parent PedsQL SS. There were no differences in the Health Utilities Index-Mark 3 multi-attribute utility score.ConclusionsParents perceive their adolescents’ physical functioning as more impaired than adolescents themselves. Contextual factors including severity of obesity, race/ethnicity, family conflict, and burden of diabetes care influence health-related quality of life. Family-based approaches to treatment and prevention of T2DM may benefit from increased attention to the biopsychosocial context.