Pediatric germ cell tumors

Pediatric germ cell tumors represent a diverse group of tumors that present from in utero through adolescence at many nongonadal locations, from the neck to the sacrococcygeal region. Surgical resection remains the central element of management, and accurate surgical staging is essential to properly ascertain the correct risk-based treatment. The management for all benign tumors (mature and immature teratomas) and select completely resectable malignant tumors is surgery alone. Modern-day chemotherapy is extremely effective in infants and children with unresectable and metastatic disease and these children have a very high survival rate. The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy allows vital organ preservation and there is no role for resection of vital structures at the time of initial presentation.