Using mHealth Technology to Enhance Self-Monitoring for Weight Loss: A Randomized Trial

BackgroundSelf-monitoring for weight loss has traditionally been performed with paper diaries. Technologic advances could reduce the burden of self-monitoring and provide feedback to enhance adherence.PurposeTo determine if self-monitoring diet using a PDA only or the PDA with daily tailored feedback (PDA+feedback [FB]), was superior to using a paper diary on weight loss and maintenance.DesignThe Self-Monitoring and Recording Using Technology (SMART) Trial was a 24-month randomized clinical trial; participants were randomly assigned to one of three self-monitoring groups.Setting/participantsFrom 2006 to 2008, a total of 210 overweight/obese adults (84.8% female, 78.1% white) were recruited from the community. Data were analyzed in 2011.InterventionParticipants received standard behavioral treatment for weight loss that included dietary and physical activity goals, encouraged the use of self-monitoring, and was delivered in group sessions.Main outcome measuresPercentage weight change at 24 months, adherence to self-monitoring over time.ResultsStudy retention was 85.6%. The mean percentage weight loss at 24 months was not different among groups (paper diary: −1.94%, 95% CI = −3.88, 0.01; PDA: −1.38%, 95% CI= −3.38, 0.62; PDA+FB: −2.32%, 95% CI= −4.29, −0.35); only the PDA+FB group (p=0.02) demonstrated a significant loss. For adherence to self-monitoring, there was a time-by-treatment group interaction between the combined PDA groups and the paper diary group (p=0.03) but no difference between PDA and PDA+FB groups (p=0.49). Across all groups, weight loss was greater for those who were adherent ≥60% versus <30% of the time (p<0.001).ConclusionsPDA+FB use resulted in a small weight loss at 24 months; PDA use resulted in greater adherence to dietary self-monitoring over time. However, for sustained weight loss, adherence to self-monitoring is more important than the method used to self-monitor. A daily feedback message delivered remotely enhanced adherence and improved weight loss, which suggests that technology can play a role in improving weight loss.Trial registrationThis study is registered at clinicaltrials.govNCT00277771.