The gradient in health inequalities among families and children: A review of evaluation frameworks

Public health policies and interventions that seek to tackle the social gradient in health need to be more adequately evaluated. The GRADIENT Project sets out to recommend public health policy options which effectively tackle health inequalities and address the gradient in health determinants among families and children in Europe. This work is underpinned by the development of a dedicated evaluation framework—a scheme that elaborates steps in a process of assessment which can act as a useful guide for decision makers. This paper presents the results from a narrative review, based on realist review principles, of 34 evaluation frameworks. It uses a set of analytical criteria, drawn from the EUHPID health development model, the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, and the wider literature on health inequalities, to analyse these frameworks. The findings reveal that no one suitable evaluation framework exists to evaluate whether policies and/or interventions targeting children and families reduce the health gradient. It is suggested that this work will be useful in assessing the complex nature of public health interventions and their evaluation. It will be used to develop an evaluation framework to guide decision makers to begin to understand the key drivers at each stage of the policy development and implementation cycle.