A patient mobility framework that travels: European and United States–Mexican comparisons

ObjectivesTo develop a framework that parsimoniously explains divergent patient mobility in the United States and Europe.MethodReview of studies of patient mobility; data from the 2007 Flash Eurobarometer and the 2001 California Health Interview Survey was analyzed; and we reviewed government policies and documents in the United States and Europe.ResultsFour types of patient mobility are defined: primary, complementary, duplicative, and institutionalized. Primary exit occurs when people without comprehensive insurance travel because they cannot afford to pay for health insurance or directly finance care, as in the United States and Mexico. Second, people will exit to buy complementary services not covered, or partially covered by domestic health insurance, in both the United States and Europe. Third, in Europe, patient mobility for duplicative services provides faster or better quality treatment. Finally, governments and insurers can encourage institutionalized exit through expanded delivery options and financing. Institutionalized exit is developing in Europe, but uncoordinated and geographically limited in the United States.ConclusionsThis parsimonious framework explains patient mobility by considering domestic health system characteristics relating to cost and quality.