In vitro characteristics of Valproic acid and all-trans-retinoic acid and their combined use in promoting neuronal differentiation while suppressing astrocytic differentiation in neural stem cells

• VPA and ATRA promote NSC differentiation into neurons rather than astrocytes.
• VPA and ATRA affect NSC differentiation in a distinct time-dependent manner.
• The combined treatment shows superior effects on the fate determination of NSCs.
• The mechanism is cross-talked involvingβ-catenin, NeuroD, p21Cip/WAF1 and BDNF.

Multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) are currently under investigation as a candidate treatment for central nervous system (CNS) injury because of their potential to compensate for neuronal damage and to reconstruct disrupted neuronal connections. To maximize the regenerative effect of the derived neurons and to minimize the side effects of the derived astrocytes, it is necessary to regulate the fate determination of NSCs to produce more neurons and fewer astrocytes. Both valproic acid (VPA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), two clinically established drugs, induce neuronal differentiation and facilitate neurite outgrowth at the expense of astrocytic differentiation in NSCs. However, the time-dependent activities and the long-term treatment effects of these drugs have not been explored in NSCs. More importantly, the efficacies of VPA and ATRA in neuronal promotion and astrocytic suppression remain unclear. In this study, we compare the time-dependent characteristics of VPA and ATRA in NSC differentiation and neurite outgrowth in vitro and, for the first time, demonstrate the improved efficacy of their combined application in neuronal induction and astrocytic suppression. These significant effects are closely coupled to the altered expression of a neurogenic transcription factor, a Wnt signaling component, a cell cycle regulator and a neural growth factor, indicating an underlying cross-talk between the mechanisms of action of ATRA and VPA. These findings indicate that a novel strategy combining these two therapeutic drugs may improve the restorative effect of NSC transplantation by altering the expression of their interconnected targets for fate determination.