Ghrelin-induced sleep responses in ad libitum fed and food-restricted rats

Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a well-characterized food intake regulatory peptide. Hypothalamic ghrelin-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and orexin-containing neurons form a feeding regulatory circuit. Orexins and NPY are also implicated in sleep–wake regulation. Sleep responses and motor activity after central administration of 0.2, 1, or 5 μg ghrelin in free-feeding rats as well as in feeding-restricted rats (1 μg dose) were determined. Food and water intake and behavioral responses after the light onset injection of saline or 1 μg ghrelin were also recorded. Light onset injection of ghrelin suppressed non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) for 2 h. In the first hour, ghrelin induced increases in behavioral activity including feeding, exploring, and grooming and stimulated food and water intake. Ghrelin administration at dark onset also elicited NREMS and REMS suppression in hours 1 and 2, but the effect was not as marked as that, which occurred in the light period. In hours 3–12, a secondary NREMS increase was observed after some doses of ghrelin. In the feeding-restricted rats, ghrelin suppressed NREMS in hours 1 and 2 and REMS in hours 3–12. Data are consistent with the notion that ghrelin has a role in the integration of feeding, metabolism, and sleep regulation.