Alternative conceptions of memory consolidation and the role of the hippocampus at the systems level in rodents

► We discuss recent work with rodents on the dependence of recent and remote memories on the hippocampus. ► There is no unambiguous evidence that systems consolidation occurs. ► We point the way beyond existing theories to a simpler multiple storage site idea. ► Repeating events create several memories independently in multiple networks. ► Some memories always depend on the hippocampus; others are established elsewhere.