Sleep spindle detection through amplitude–frequency normal modelling

Manual scoring of sleep spindles can be very time-consuming, and achieving accurate manual scoring on a long-term recording requires high and sustained levels of vigilance, which makes it a highly demanding task with the associated risk of decreased diagnosis accuracy. Although automatic spindle detection would be attractive, most available algorithms are sensitive to variations in spindle amplitude and frequency that occur between both subjects and derivations, reducing their effectiveness.We propose here an algorithm that models the amplitude–frequency spindle distribution with a bivariate normal distribution (one normal model per derivation). Subsequently, spindles are detected when their amplitude–frequency characteristics are included within a given tolerance interval of the corresponding model. As a consequence, spindle detection is not directly based on amplitude and frequency thresholds, but instead on a spindle distribution model that is automatically adapted to each individual subject and derivation.The algorithm was first assessed against the scoring of one sleep scoring expert on EEG samples from seven healthy children. Afterward, a second study compared performance of two additional experts versus the algorithm on a dataset of six EEG samples from adult patients suffering from different pathologies, to submit the method to more challenging and clinically realistic conditions. Smaller and shorter spindles were more difficult to evaluate, as false positives and false negatives showed lower amplitude and smaller length than true positives. In both studies, normal modelling enhanced performance compared to fixed amplitude and frequency thresholds. Normal modelling is therefore attractive, as it enhances spindle detection quality.

► An automated model-based spindle detection algorithm is proposed.
► It models the amplitude–frequency spindle distribution with a bivariate normal distribution.
► It automatically adapts to each individual subject and derivation.
► It was tested in seven healthy children and six adult patients suffering from different pathologies, and performs similarly or better than sleep experts.
► Normal modelling enhances spindle detection quality compared to fixed amplitude and frequency thresholds.