Strategies to defeat ketamine-induced neonatal brain injury

▶There is a growing need to develop strategies to prevent anesthesia-induced injury. ▶We describe a number of independent approaches to address therapeutic intervention. ▶Ketamine induced apoptotic injury in P7 rats. ▶NAP, vitamin D3, and low dose ketamine, all attenuated or prevented this injury. ▶Aspirin enhanced the injury.