Assessing the environmental impacts of high-altitude agriculture in Taiwan: A Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework and spatial emergy synthesis

- High-altitude agricultural area increased 9665 ha from 1995 to 2006 in Taiwan.
- The ecosystem services of the study area decreased by about 6.97E+20 sej.
- SESI indicates the loss of ecosystem services and the degraded sustainability.
- SRR indicates the higher altitude, the less social adaptive capacity.
- Spatial emergy approach effectively identifies the distribution of vulnerable areas.