Development, calibration, and validation of a littoral zone plant index of biotic integrity (PIBI) for lacustrine wetlands

We examine lacustrine wetland plant assemblages in the Central Corn Belt Plain portion of the Lake Michigan basin and developed a multimetric plant index of biotic integrity (PIBI). Our objectives were to determine the structural and functional attributes of littoral zone plant assemblages of least-impacted lacustrine wetlands, establish and test candidate metrics, statistically test and calibrate metrics, and finally validate a PIBI along a disturbance gradient. Of 35 candidate metrics, we chose 11 metrics that were grouped into four categories: species richness and composition, species tolerance, guild structure, and vegetation abundance. Based on Spearman correlations, we identified a suite of metrics, particularly those related to species richness and tolerance that had a strong response to human-induced habitat change. The overall PIBI correlated strongly with independent measures of habitat quality (p < 0.001) using a qualitative habitat index developed for lacustrine habitats. We validated the lacustrine PIBI by comparing index response to various landuse, landcover, and management types. Least impacted lakes and lakes classified as recreational or undergoing ecological restoration were not statistically separable and received the highest index scores, while the lowest scores were associated with industrial and residential land use. Least-impacted sites differ significantly (p < 0.001) from both industrial and residential lakes.