Experimental manipulation of sediment organic content and water column aeration reduces Zostera marina (eelgrass) growth and survival

The effect of synergy between sediment organic enrichment and lack of night oxygen renewal in the water column on growth and survival of Zostera marina, and how it is reflected in the sulfur parameters in the plants (δ34S, TS and S0) was studied experimentally. An experiment consisting of Z. marina mesocosms with different levels of organic enrichment and water column aeration was established, and the effects on sediment conditions, sulfide invasion and growth and survival of Z. marina were examined over a 4 week period. Shoots growing in Ambient Organic matter–sediments showed signs of sulfide invasion, as TS increased in all plant compartments and δ34S of the plant tissues decreased during the experiment, but neither growth rate nor survival were significantly affected. The lack of night oxygen renewal had no evident effects in non-enriched sediments as porewater sulfide concentrations, AVS- and CRS-pools were not different from the corresponding 24 h aeration treatment. Plant growth rate and survival were neither different from the corresponding 24 h aeration treatment. On the contrary, shoots growing on High Organic matter-sediments suffered a massive sulfide invasion and it was directly correlated to the observed decrease in growth rates. Even though the lack of night oxygen renewal had no evident effects on sediment variables there were, however, strong indications that the different aeration levels affected plant performance, suggesting a lower sulfide oxidation capacity and confirming that low water column oxygen concentrations reduces the defense capacity of the shoots against sulfide invasion.Although δ34S, TS and S0 concentrations together provided a powerful set of indicators to detect the invasion of sulfide in Z. marina shoots, this study enlightens the need for a deeper investigation of sulfide intrusion in seagrasses and the relation between plant sulfur parameters and sediment conditions.