Stable Isotope Studies of Crop Carbon and Water Relations: A Review

Crop carbon and water relations research is important in the studies of water saving agriculture, breeding program, and energy and material cycles in soil plant atmosphere continuum (SPAC). The purpose of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in the research of crop carbon and water relations, such as carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) during carbon fixation process by photosynthesis, application of Δ13C in crop water use efficiency (WUE) and breeding programs, oxygen isotope enrichment during leaf water transpiration, CO2 fixation by photosynthesis and release by respiration, application of hydrogen isotope composition (δD) and oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) for determination of water source used by a crop, stable isotope coupling Keeling plot for investigating the carbon and water flux in ecosystem, energy and material cycle in SPAC and correlative integrative models on stable isotope. These aspects contain most of the stable isotope researches on crop carbon and water relations which have been widely explored internationally while less referred in China. Based on the reviewed literatures, some needs for future research are suggested.