Program animal welfare: Using behavioral and physiological measures to assess the well-being of animals used for education programs in zoos

• We investigated welfare in zoo education program animals.
• We found no difference in welfare measures between education and exhibit armadillos.
• Deeper substrates were associated with decreased pacing and glucocorticoids in armadillos.
• Large amounts of handling may increase pacing in armadillos and glucocorticoids in armadillos, hedgehogs, and hawks.

This study investigates program animal welfare using both behavioral and physiological measures in two separate experiments. In Experiment One, we examined possible differences in behavior and fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) between education, exhibit and off-exhibit armadillos (N = 59) housed at 17 Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) accredited zoos. In Experiment Two, the specific effect of handling for education programs was investigated in an ABA study design using the same measures of welfare in armadillos (N = 10), hedgehogs (N = 12), and red-tailed hawks (N = 6) at 11 AZA institutions. Mixed model analysis revealed FGM and undesirable behaviors did not differ between groups in Experiment One (FGM [μg/g feces]: Median[Interquartile Range] education: 28.49[21.05-42.29], exhibit: 30.38[26.33–42.56], off-exhibit: 28.2[23.92–47]; F2, 46 = 0.55, p = 0.58; undesirable behavior: Least Squares Mean% of time [SEM]: education: 24.95[14.52], exhibit: 9.09[4.16]; F1, 17 = 1.86, p = 0.19). There was also no effect of handling specifically for education programs on measures of welfare in Experiment Two (p > 0.05 in all FGM and undesirable behavior models). However, the overall amount of handling that an animal experienced (for programs or for husbandry) was positively correlated with FGM in Experiment One (F1, 979 = 9.35, p = 0.002) and in all species in Experiment Two (armadillos: F1, 286 = 5.69, p = 0.02; hedgehogs: F1, 448 = 4.92, p = 0.03; hawks: F1, 215 = 4.68, p = 0.03). Amount of handling was also associated with several behaviors (undesirable, rest, and self-directed behavior) in both experiments (p < 0.05 in all models), indicating that management purpose is not the primary contributor to welfare in these species. In addition, the depth of substrate provided and enclosure size were also negatively correlated to FGM and consistently related to behavior in both Experiments (p < 0.05 in all models), highlighting the importance of housing environment for animal welfare. Our findings will serve as a basis for developing handling recommendations for zoo-housed armadillos, hedgehogs, and red-tailed hawks, and for planning future research investigating the needs and welfare of education program animals.