Gene flow vs. pollution pressure: Genetic diversity of Mytilus galloprovincialis in eastern Adriatic

• We studied 10 populations of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to different pollution intensity.
• Pollution impact was assessed on different levels of biological organisation.
• Combined biomarker data revealed pollution pressure.
• Genetic diversity was increased on polluted sites.
• No genetic differentiation was found in respect to maritime distances or pollution status.

Environmental pollution may modify all the evolutionary processes involved in shaping the genetic patterns of exposed populations. In order to evaluate the pollution impact on the genetic diversity of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis ten populations inhabiting differently polluted sites along the eastern Adriatic coast, from pristine bays to heavily trafficked harbours, were studied. Pollution pressure was assessed through an integrated study of biological effects and responses across different levels of biological organization. Eight microsatellite markers were analysed to assess genetic diversity of investigated populations. Both the principal component analysis (PCA) of the biomarker data set as well as the biomarker response index (BRI) confirmed substantial pollution pressure at the highly polluted sites, and very low pollution exposure at the three reference sites. Very shallow genetic differentiation was found in respect to maritime distances or pollution status, and this was attributed to a high gene flow among the populations. However, populations inhabiting polluted sites exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are discussed.