Evidence of sewage-driven eutrophication and harmful algal blooms in Florida's Indian River Lagoon

Nutrient pollution is a primary driver of eutrophication and harmful algal blooms (HABs) in estuaries and coastal waters worldwide. In 2011–2012, 20 sites evenly distributed throughout the 251-km long Indian River Lagoon (IRL) were assessed during three sampling events for dissolved nutrients (DIN, SRP, TDN, TDP) and chlorophyll a. Benthic macroalgae were also analyzed for δ13C, δ15N, and C:N:P contents to identify potential nutrient sources and gauge the type and degree of N and P limitation. The mean DIN and SRP concentrations throughout the IRL were high, averaging 4.24 ± 0.45 and 0.68 ± 0.06 μM, respectively, explaining the widespread occurrence of HABs during the study. High TDN concentrations (up to 152 μM) and TDN:TDP ratios (>100:1) in the poorly flushed northern IRL, Mosquito Lagoon and Banana River segments reflected the accumulation and cycling of N-rich groundwater inputs that produce P-limitation. These enriched nutrient conditions were associated with unprecedented chlorophyll a concentrations (>100 μg/L), dominated by Resultor sp. Ø. Moestrup in the Banana River in 2011 and Aureoumbra lagunensis D.A. Stockwell, DeYoe, Hargraves and P.W. Johnson in the Mosquito Lagoon and northern IRL in 2012. C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in macroalgae averaged 15.9, 698.9, and 40.6, throughout the IRL, respectively; significantly higher C:P and N:P ratios in the northern IRL segments suggested strong P-limitation in these N-enriched waters. Macroalgae δ15N values were enriched throughout the IRL (+6.3‰) and similar to values reported for macroalgae from other sewage-polluted coastal waters. Because point-source sewage inputs to the IRL were largely eliminated through the IRL Act of 1990, these results suggest that non-point source N enrichment from septic tanks (∼300,000) represents a significant and largely ignored N-source to the IRL. The high degree of sewage N contamination of the IRL, combined with recent HABs, including toxic ecotypes of the red macroalga Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, seagrass loss, and wildlife mortality, indicates a critical need for improved sewage collection and treatment, including nutrient removal.