Degrees bounding principles and universal instances in reverse mathematics

A Turing degree d bounds a principle P of reverse mathematics if every computable instance of P has a d-computable solution. P admits a universal instance if there exists a computable instance such that every solution bounds P. We prove that the stable version of the ascending descending sequence principle (SADS) as well as the stable version of the thin set theorem for pairs (STS(2)) does not admit a bound of low2 degree. Therefore no principle between Ramsey's theorem for pairs (RT22) and SADS or STS(2) admits a universal instance. We construct a low2 degree bounding the Erdős-Moser theorem (EM), thereby showing that the previous argument does not hold for EM. Finally, we prove that the only Δ20 degree bounding a stable version of the rainbow Ramsey theorem for pairs (SRRT22) is 0′. Hence no principle between the stable Ramsey theorem for pairs (SRT22) and SRRT22 admits a universal instance. In particular the stable version of the Erdős-Moser theorem does not admit one. It remains unknown whether EM admits a universal instance.