Multi-scale control influences sense of agency: Investigating intentional binding using event-control approach

- The paper uses an interactionist event-control framework to study sense of agency.
- Intentional binding (IB) is influenced by control at different spatio-temporal scales.
- IB increases with perceptual-motor level control only when goal was not achieved.
- The success of goal completion influences event organization and IB.

Control exercised by humans through interactions with the environment is critical for sense of agency. Here, we investigate how control at multiple levels influence implicit sense of agency measured using intentional binding. Participants are asked to hit a moving target using a joystick with noisy control followed by an intentional binding task initiated by the target hitting action. Perceptual-motor level control was manipulated through noise in the joystick controller (experiment 1) and goal-level control in terms of feedback about successful hit (experiments 2a and 2b). In the first experiment, intentional binding increased with amount of joystick control only when goal was not achieved and independent otherwise suggesting that the two levels interact hierarchically. In the second experiment, the estimated duration was dependent on when participants knew about goal completion. The results are similar to those obtained with explicit measures of sense of agency indicating that multi-scale event control influences agency.