«Would you say that the price you pay for electricity is fair?» Consumers' satisfaction and utility reforms in the EU15

The research question addressed by this paper is a simple one: are European consumers happy with the price they pay for electricity supply services after two decades of reforms? We focus on self-assessed consumers' satisfaction as reported in three waves of the Eurobarometer surveys, 2000–2002–2004, conditioning on a set of indicators of public ownership and liberalisation across the EU-15. After controlling for individual and country characteristics, we find that consumers are happier with the prices they pay when in their country there are both public ownership and liberalisation. We discuss this finding.