The role of border carbon adjustment in unilateral climate policy: Overview of an Energy Modeling Forum study (EMF 29)

► Border carbon adjustment can reduce emission leakage. ► The global efficiency gains from border carbon adjustment are modest. ► The cost shifting effects of border carbon adjustment are substantial -
- in particular when applied from OECD to non-OECD countries. ► Given the limited scope for efficiency gains and the burden shifting potential, border carbon adjustment need to be handled with care.