Does rice farming shape individualism and innovation?

- The findings on rice farming and individualism are tenuous.
- The predicted relationship between rice farming and divorce rat is weak.
- There is no positive relationship between wheat farming and innovation after 2004.

Talhelm et al. (2014) provided an original rice theory to explain large psychological differences across countries and even within countries and their impact on innovation. However, their findings are subject to the problems of sample bias, measurement error, and model misspecification. After correcting these problems, most findings in the original paper no longer hold. We collected data on collectivism from other sources and linked them with rice areas but failed to find any relationship as predicted by the rice theory. The role of rice farming in shaping cultural psychology and innovations seems to be much more muted than asserted in Talhelm et al. (2014).