Constructing citizenship in the shadow state

► Political economic relationships in the shadow state are associated with different approaches to citizenship. ► Organizations that have a formal relationship with the state promote nationally inclusive views of citizenship that are also consistent with neoliberal models of citizenship. ► Organizations that have some leverage to negotiate state influence can inflect this nationally inclusive and neoliberal approach to citizenship. ► Organizations that have an indirect relationship with the state are able to deploy alternatives to neoliberal membership in a national polity.