The hold-up problem in a repeated relationship

Much of the literature on what determines the scope of operations of a producer has centered on the “hold-up problem”. The standard results indicate the hold-up problem may lead to suboptimal investments, and therefore integration may improve the organization of production. In this paper, we consider a repeated relationship with durable investments and show the possibility of integration improves the choice of investments and there is no integration in equilibrium. The equilibrium contract is non-exclusive, in order to allow the buyer to choose integration in later periods. We derive this result in the presence of very simple and incomplete contracts.